Talmud Jerusalem
Talmud Jerusalem

Talmud for Rosh Hashanah 2:1

וירבה לשנים ולשמיטות וליובלות ולנטיעה ולירקות כהיא דא"ר יעקב בר אחא ר' יסא בשם ר' יוחנן ויחל לבנות בחדש השני בשני בשנת ארבע למלכותו הקיש שנת ארבע למלכותו לשני שבחדשים מה שני שבחדשים אין מונין אלא מניסן אף שני שבשנת ארבע למלכותו אין מונין אלא מניסן. ר' יונה ר' יצחק בר נחמן בשם ר' חייה בר יוסף ויחל לבנות בחדש השני זה שני שבחדשים בשני זה שני שבשנים וכשהוא אומר בשנת ארבע למלכותו הקיש שנת ארבע למלכותו לשני שבחדשים מה שני שבחדשים אין מונין אלא מניסן אף שני שבשנת ארבע למלכותו אין מונין אלא מניסן. תני שמואל ופליג (שמות י״ט:א׳) בחדש השלישי לצאת בני ישראל מארץ מצרים מיכן שמונין חדשים ליציאת מצרים. אין לי אלא חדשים שנים מנין (במדבר ט׳:א׳) וידבר ה' אל משה במדבר סיני בשנה השנית אין לי אלא לשעה לדורות מנין (מלכים א ו׳:א׳) ויהי בשמנים שנה וארבע אמות שנה לצאת בני ישראל מארץ מצרים וגו' משנבנה הבית התחילו מונין לבנינו. (מלכים א ט׳:י׳) ויהי מקץ עשרים שנה אשר בנה שלמה את שני הבתים וגו' לא זכו למנות לבנינו התחילו מונין לחרבנו. (יחזקאל מ׳:א׳) בכ"ה שנה לגלותינו בראש השנה בעשור לחדש וגו' לא זכו למנות לעצמו התחילו מונין למליכות שנאמר (חגיי א) בשנת שתים לדריוש (דנייאל י) בשנת שלש לכורש מלך פרס. ואומר ויחל לבנות בחדש השני בשני בשנת ארבע למלכותו הקיש שנת ארבע למלכותו לשני שבחדשים מה שני שבחדשים אין מונין אלא מניסן אף שני שבשנת ארבע למלכותו אין מונין אלא מניסן. ר' לעזר בשם ר' חנינה אף למלכי אומות העולם אין מונין אלא מניסן (חגיי א) בששי בשנת שתים לדריוש (זכריה א׳:א׳) בשמיני בשנת שתים לדריוש נאמר בשמיני בשנת שלש. חיפה אמר שמיני נאמר תחילה אלא שאין מוקדם ומאוחר בתורה. א"ר יונה כתיב (חגיי ב) ועתה שימו נא לבבכם מן היום הזה ומעל' מטרם שום אבן אל אבן בהיכל ה' הא כיצד בששי הוסד בשמיני נאמר המקרא הזה. אין תימר כבר שמות יאות אמר חיפה אין תימר לא שמו לא אמר חיפה כלום. התיב רבי יצחק והכתיב (בראשית ח׳:י״ג) ויהי באחת ושש מאות שנה בראשון באחד לחדש ותני עלה שנת המבול אינו עולה מן המנין

Come and see, [let us test this hypothesis by implication from our mishnah]: "...from the time that the Kohanim go in to eat their terumah." It is [still close to] daytime. It is as soon as the stars come out!? [and the Tosefta says:] "...from the time when people usually go in to eat their bread on the eve of the Sabbath." That is an hour or two after nightfall! [These are obviously two very different times.] And yet you say: "These opinions are close enough to be equal!?" --Rabbi Yose said: "Let the problem be resolved [by claiming that the Tosefta refers only] to those small villages whose way is to go on up [home] while it is still day, to spare themselves from the animals." It teaches in a Baraita: "The one who recites [the Shema] before this has not fulfilled their obligation. If so, why do we recite it [before nightfall] in the synagogue? Rabbi Yose said: 'We do not recite it in the synagogue to fulfill its obligation. Rather, [we recite it] so that we may stand up in prayer after a word of Torah." Rabbi Zeira in the name of Rav Yirmiyah: "If there is doubt whether he made the blessings after his food or not, he should make the blessings [even though he may be doing it a second time]. For it is written (Deut. 8:10) 'And you shall eat, and you shall be satisfied, then you shall bless [the LORD your God...]' If there is doubt whether he prayed or not, he should not pray [as he may have already done so.]" But he disagrees with Rabbi Yohanan. For Rabbi Yohanan said: "If only a person could pray the entire day!" Why? For prayer is never a waste. If there is doubt whether he recited [Shema] or not, we may gather from this baraita: "The one who recites [the Shema] before this has not fulfilled their obligation." And is not before [nightfall] a time of doubt? And yet you say "he should recite [Shema]." This implies that if there is doubt whether he recited [Shema] or not, he should recite [Shema]. [From Tosefta 1:1] "The indicator of this is when the stars come out. And though there is no proof of it [from Scripture], there is a trace of it: (Neh. 4:21) '...we were doing the labor, and half of them were holding the spears from the break of dawn until the stars came out.' And he writes: '...it is guard-time for us by night and labor by day." How many stars should come out so that it becomes night? Rabbi Pinhas in the name of Rabbi Abba bar Papa: "One star, surely day. Two, doubt. Three, surely night." "...two doubt," [really]? But is it not written, "...until the stars came out!?" Rather, [the plural] "stars" indicates two! [Not three!]--The first one doesn't count. [An unattributed baraita:] "If he sees one star on the eve of the Sabbath and performs a creative task, he is exempt [from punishment]. Two, he brings a conditional guilt offering, Three, he brings a sin offering. On the departure of the Sabbath, if he sees on star and performs a creative task,

Jerusalem Talmud Sanhedrin

138This decides practice. A judge who knows of the case has to disqualify himself and appear as a witness in another court. The Babli agrees, Roš Haššanah 25b, Bava qamma 90b. Rebbi Simeon ben Ioḥai stated: You shall sanctify the Fiftieth Year140Lev. 25:10.. You shall sanctify years but not months141The “sanctification of the month” (Note 119) really is a sanctification of the Day of the New Moon (Num. 28:11–15), not of the entire month. But the Jubilee year itself is holy.
In the Babli 10b, this is in the name of R. Eliezer or R. Eleazar; in Roš Haššanah8b in the name of “the rabbis.”
. But did we not state142Mishnah Roš Haššanah 2:8.: “The president of the court says: sanctified”? What means sanctified? Confirmed143The day is confirmed as one of additional religious services.. It was stated: For sanctifying months one starts144Polling the judges’ opinions. with the most senior person. Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Ada said, the Mishnah says this: “The president of the court says: sanctified.” It was stated, for intercalation of the (month) [year]145The text in brackets, from Roš Haššanah, is the correct one. The Sanhedrin text, in parentheses, is a scribal error. one starts from the side146The senior judge sat in the middle, the most junior judge sat on the last chair to his left or right. One starts polling the most junior judge.. Rebbi Zebida said, but this lower house147The Patriarch’s court, the only one empowered to determine the calendar, was held in low esteem by him. do not proceed in this way, for they did not hear what Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Marius148It is impossible to determine whether מרייא or מרייא is the correct reading. and Rebbi Jonah, Rebbi Abba bar Ḥiyya said in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: For lengthening the month one starts with the most senior person, for intercalating the year one starts from the side. When Rebbi Joḥanan was participating as the most junior person, they told him, say: “this year is sanctified in its intercalation.” He said, “this year is sanctified in intercalation.” Rebbi Jonathan said, look at the language which the smith’s son149R. Johanan bar Nappaha, “son of the bellows-blower.” taught us. If he had said, “in its intercalation,” I would have said that this refers to the eleven days by which the solar year exceeds the lunar one, but [he said] “in intercalation”, that the Sages added thirty days to it150Any intercalary year has an additional month of 30 days; in the computed calendar this is Adar I.. Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa, Rebbi Yasa in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: For intercalation one follows the date of ordination. In the Academy one follows usage; each one gives his opinion at his place and sums up. For example, Rebbi Ḥanina151He probably is R. Hinena, the student of R. Johanan in Tiberias, not R. Hanina, his teacher at Sepphoris started, Rebbi Joḥanan and Rebbi Simeon ben Laqisch summed up. Rebbi Abba bar Zavda started, Rebbi Yasa and Rebbi Immi152This is the correct text, not “R. Hiyya, R. Yasa, and R. Immi” as in Roš Haššanah since R. Hiyya (bar Abba), while also a student of R. Yasa, is not known to have participated in an Academy with him. summed up. Rebbi Ḥaggai started, Rebbi Jonah and Rebbi Yose summed up. Rebbi Cahana was ordained before Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa, but Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa participated in intercalation before Rebbi Cahana was invited. He said, the person who formulated the tradition does not respect it for himself153By his own teaching in the name of R. Johanan, he should have insisted that R. Cahana be invited first..
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Jerusalem Talmud Shabbat

“And one calls a midwife for her from place to place.” As what we have stated there56Mishnah Roš Haššanah 2:5.: “Not only these but even a midwife who comes to assist at a birth.57The witnesses of the New Moon and the midwife who leave their Sabbath boundaries to testify or to help are treated like the residents of the town in which they exercise their duty.
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